Informative Look at Requirements to Be a Disaster Worker

"Crisis Intervention Training for Disaster Workers: An Introduction" is an information-packed book about disasters and crises, the psychological impact of such events upon people, from the victims to the disaster workers, and also a psychological explanation of those who create crises, such as terrorists. Anyone who is considering being a disaster worker of any type, whether it is working for an organization like FEMA or even being an EMT, police officer, or volunteer fireman will find value in this book as it lays out various situations and what the disaster worker should know and be prepared to handle since an emergency or crisis could happen unexpectedly at any time.

Besides discussing the fundamentals of being a disaster worker, the book provides multiple examples of disasters in various parts of the world and more than anything, makes it clear how important it is to respect and understand the people and culture of an individual region. The most important and first point the book makes is in defining a crisis as "an individual's response to a situation rather than in terms of the situation itself. The same situation may produce a crisis in one person, but not in another. A crisis exists when a person feels so threatened in a situation that he/she cannot cope with it...Thus, a crisis exists IN a person." (p. 3)

This understanding of what defines a crisis is beneficial in the explorations the book provides of everything from chapters on "Children and Disasters" to "Special Risk Groups," Crises in Rural Areas" and "War" and "Terrorism and Terrorists." The book does an excellent job of providing diversity of examples from a wide range of cultures spanning discussions of the September 11th terrorist attacks to the 1980s farm crisis in the United States to war in Bosnia, lethal violence toward people accused of witchcraft in South Africa, and civil war in El Salvador. I had assumed the book would focus on natural disasters, but I was surprised by how much of the book focused on man-made disasters, including terrorism and war. While the disaster worker needs to understand the psychology of victims, the book excelled in providing explanations behind the psychological portraits of people who become terrorists or who inflict acts of violence upon people; the intention here is that the disaster worker who has an understanding of the perpetrator's behavior will be better able to comfort the victims. I found these sections on war and terrorism to be the most interesting aspects of the book.

The book does suffer somewhat from a lack of focus. Because the title contains the word "training" I at first thought it would read like a manual or textbook about what is required of disaster workers and how to become one. The early chapters of the book do contain some of this information, and the appendices also suggest that training is part of the goal. Appendix A provides a series of disaster scenarios and then asks the reader to create a plan for how to deal with the situation. For example, during a disaster, you have to help a family deal with the death of loved ones, answering questions from the coroner's office and making funeral arrangements. The book asks, "How do you help the families answer questions and guide them through the various activities?" The book provides several such scenarios. I think the questions are excellent and give future disaster workers an idea of what they need to be prepared to handle, but I did not feel I could adequately answer all these questions or be prepared to handle these situations after reading the book. Appendix C is a Course Test, which if you complete and mail with a check to the Rocky Mountain Region Disaster Mental Health Institute, you will have graded, and if you pass the test, a certificate issued to you worth 15 contact hours for your exposure to the material and understanding of it.

The book's lack of focus may be due to its organization and compilation. The chapters do not seem to follow a progressive order. I felt Chapter 7 "Crisis and Crises Intervention" would have made more sense as Chapter 3 after Chapter 2 on "Fundamentals" and before the book got into specifics about children and disasters and rural areas. I suspect the book is composed of what were originally different articles-in one chapter, it is stated there was not time to discuss specific details in this "article." I think the book should be read as a series of articles on the subject of Crisis Intervention Training rather than a book whose chapters progress toward a final outcome expected. I also suspect the book was initially articles because of the repetition throughout the book. I don't want to suggest this organizational issue makes the book's value any less, but simply to help the reader understand the book's structure and how best to read it. The reader will still come away more knowledgeable on the subject of Crisis Intervention, and the book would work as a wonderful resource accompanied by classroom or field instruction.

Natural Disaster Recovery Guide

Storms can be deadly. That's why emergency weather management facilities send out such serious warnings ahead of time to protect the lives of our children, homes and communities. We know to stay inside during severe weather and to unplug our televisions and computers because we know that in bad weather bad things can happen. We know to prepare ahead of time by keeping a watchful eye on tracking the storm and stocking up on the resources needed to get through it safely, like flashlight batteries, bottled water, first aid kits and other essential survival supplies. However, what we usually don't know is how to deal with the devastating emotions that come after a terrible storm hits. Emotions like stress, anger, worry, depression, anxiety and panic are common in our busy world but can build up to dangerous levels after a critical incident, which often can lead to disastrous results.

Natural disasters can destroy entire communities in just a few moments, while the recovery process to rebuild from a major critical incident may take weeks or months to sort through. The more you know about how to survive after the storm, the faster you can take positive action to get your personal and professional life back on track. Since natural disasters like hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, fires and floods are among the biggest and most destructive forces that impact people living in the United States; what can you do right now to cope with the psychological impact of a major storm before or after it makes landfall?

The most important thing to focus on is this: "DON'T MAKE A BAD SITUATION WORSE!"

Keep this single thought in mind as you begin to sort through the process of stabilizing yourself and those you care about who have been impacted by the storm. During the storm the goal is to be safe while surviving whatever nature throws your way; blistering heat, the ground quaking under your feet or your house being gale force winds and rain. After the disaster is over and the storm passes, the goal is to quickly rebuild the normal life routines that you had in your personal and professional life before the storm hit. If you get focused on rebuilding, you will be able to spend your energy in positive ways instead of being in a mental fog of confusion, mingled with panic or regret.

Dealing directly with your emotions will reduce the tension and stress on you, which allows you to have more energy to deal with a difficult situation. However, if you stuff your fears and frustrations in a major disaster, your emotions can quickly blow up without warning. Exploding in rage on your children, your marriage partner or a volunteer at a water station will only make a difficult situation worse. It's not their fault, and it's not yours. Natural disasters are a terrible situation full of loss and difficulty for everyone. By taking action now you can move beyond feeling overwhelmed by intense stress, anger or confusion. As you follow the insight from this recovery guide, you will be taking positive steps to rebuild with the focused energy of an even stronger life for you and your family after the storm.

To best survive the storm, you need a strong combination of three key elements 

- healthy coping skills 

- healthy supports and a 

- healthy perspective 

of how to rebuild after a natural disaster. While things will never be the same as they were before the storm; the following guidelines will give you the key elements needed to get past the overwhelming stress and to find even greater strength on the other side.

- What are the dangerous warning signs of "Storm Stress Syndrome"? 

Stress from the storm affects everyone however; it becomes dangerous to our health if it goes on for an extended period of time. Storm Stress can affect adults, children, the elderly and even pets, so it is important to be alert to watch for the danger signs of the psychological condition called, 'Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder', (commonly referred to as PTSD), in yourself, your family members and coworkers. In natural disasters like hurricanes or tornadoes, I refer to the rapid build up of these symptoms as "Storm Stress Syndrome". These symptoms include any dramatic change in emotions, behavior, thought patterns or physical symptoms over the next few days, weeks or even months. Since natural disasters are a terribly stressful time for everyone, both during and after the storm and often remain stressful for some time to come, there are a number of factors to be aware of to keep yourself and those who you care about safe.

A Data Disaster Can Occur Anywhere, Anytime

When the subject of natural or man-made disasters comes up, a common and very human reaction is to assume, "It won't happen to me."

Unfortunately for many small business owners and IT managers, this is an assumption they've lived to regret. Each year, according to the Business Continuity Institute, about one in five businesses faces a major disruption such as data loss due to power outage or a natural disaster that destroys an office.

Yes, the consequences can be devastating. And, at a time when IT systems and networks have become indispensable to nearly every small business, a major IT disruption can result in a crippling revenue loss, an array of additional expenses, a major productivity drop, delayed collections, and even a damaged reputation that weakens vital relationships with customers, suppliers, partners, creditors, and others.

The solution is proper planning: a disaster preparedness and data recovery strategy with an implementation plan that ensures that the business survives and recovers from even the most severe occurrence. Four key issues deserve special attention.

Performing a Business Impact Analysis

A business impact analysis allows you to identify both tangible and intangible effects on business processes, functions, or departments over time. The analysis allows management to identify recovery priorities and develop an effective recovery strategy. The result of the process also supplies the data to help define an appropriate disaster recovery program budget.

For IT systems and networks, a business impact analysis is invaluable in two ways.

1. It identifies business-critical applications and the systems they run on.

2. It finds areas of vulnerability within the environment to address.

Never Underestimate the Importance of Backup

It doesn't take an earthquake, hurricane, or fire to destroy data critical to your business' success: a new virus, a leaky roof, or employee mistake can do the job. A comprehensive strategy for backing up critical data is a must for today's small businesses.

The most effective strategies address:

1. Data Prioritization: identifying and deciding which data cannot be lost under any circumstances

2. Testing: Regular checks to make sure backup and restoration will work properly

3. Off-site Storage: storing tapes off-site and taking other steps to quarantine disaster before it happens

Work on the Plan as a "Living Document"

Once a disaster preparedness and recovery plan has been researched, designed, developed, implemented, and tested there is a common desire to declare the job done. However, as your business evolves, your IT environment must also evolve. Your IT team should continually develop new strategies to grow your disaster recovery plan.

Seeking Outside Help

It makes sense for small businesses to turn to outside IT service providers to help address disaster recovery requirements.

1. Most small businesses don't have the in-house staff to conduct a thorough assessment, select the right solutions or continuously upgrade them to keep pace with their business requirements.

2. An outside firm can evaluate business practices without bias.

3. As specialists, they have experience with a variety of approaches and effective solutions.

Look for an organization with:

- A strategic perspective that considers your company's key business goals

- A comprehensive assessment and solution development methodology

- Sufficient experience working with your industry

- The ability to provide remote managed services

- Proven expertise both in disaster preparedness and disaster recovery

Pet Preparation Prior to Disaster Striking

June is quickly approaching and for most coastal regions the thought of a hurricane begins to creep into our minds.

We become concerned about the safety of our homes, our pets and ourselves.

However, hurricanes are not the only disasters that can confront our well being and that of our pets. Floods, wildfires, tornadoes, riots and terrorists attacks add to the list of things that can happen.

The important thing is to have a plan. Hurricane Katrina was a disaster that displaced not only thousands of people but displaced many animals and unfortunately many died along with their owners. It is said that approximately 44 percent of Hurricane Katrina's victims were pet owners that would not leave their pets.

Until Katrina hit, our country was not too pet friendly in the light of disasters. Most, if not all, did not allow pets of any kind to be brought to a designated shelter.

Currently many states are now providing shelters for owners and their pets providing they follow certain restrictions. Red Cross shelters however, will not allow pets. It is not their rule, but that of the local health departments. A Red Cross shelter is for the benefit of those who do not have pets, who are afraid of pets or who have allergies to pets.

It is up to "you" the pet owner to check your local facilities and see what shelters will allow pets and what size and kind of pet is allowed.

Planning ahead for yourself and your pet should be at the top of your list of things to do. The problem with advance preparing is that many of us go into the "denial mode." We tell ourselves that whatever the disaster is "it is not going to involve us." Then it hits and we are not even prepared for ourselves let alone our pets.

So what should a pet owner do? In the following paragraphs I am going to give you some tips on how to keep your cat or dog as safe as humanly possible. The important thing is to remember you need to prepare before a disaster strikes.

A disaster kit should be large enough to contain all the things you normally need for your pet for at least a 7-day period. It should be waterproof (a plastic container with a tight fitting lid) and labeled "disaster supplies cat or dog."

Food: Pack the brand your pet is used to eating, both canned and dry. Smaller cans are better, as pets in a disrupted setting tend to eat less. 

Take along a can opener (even if the cans have lift tabs, some times they do not work.) 

Bowls for food and a plastic lid cover for uneaten canned food. Keep uneaten opened cans in a cooler. A spoon or two might be helpful to dish out the canned food. 

Water: Enough water for at least a week. Do not keep water in a disaster kit for more than 3 months at a time and store it in a cool dark place. 

A water bowl along with a small bottle of bleach, to use if necessary to purify undrinkable water. 

Sanitation Supplies: Kitty litter and a litter box for the cat. Take enough litter to use for at least a week along with small plastic bags to dispose of the litter when cleaning out the box. 

For your dog take a "pooper scooper" and plastic bags to dispose of the waste. 

Cleaning supplies: Paper towels for accidents and to use for cleaning litter box, food dishes, crate or carrier. 

Dish soap and some disinfectant for cleaning crates, carriers and assorted possible messes. 

Pictures: Have recent photos of your pet, take several or make copies in case you need to do posters if the pet gets lost. 

Have a picture of you with your pet, great for identification should the pet get lost and someone finds it. This is very important. 

Veterinary Information: You will need the recent records of your pet's shots and vaccinations. 

You need to take a supply of any medication your pet is currently taking. 

Write you Vet's name, address, and phone number on a piece of paper. Include also a note giving permission for another person besides you to get emergency treatment for your pet if you are not available. 

Also have your name, all available telephone numbers that can reach you, address and any other info, so if you and your pet get separated you can be found. 

Put all this information in a zip lock plastic bag. 

Collars, tags and ID: Get your cat used to wearing a break away collar with an ID tag on it. 

Have your dog wearing one at all times. 

Get your pet a microchip and sign up with the national registry. 

Have several ID tags in case one gets lost. 

Use a harness on your cat to keep it on a leash, do not depend on the collar. More cats have been lost with collars on as they can get out of them. Have your cat practice wearing a harness at home a few hours at a time, 

Have several leashes (one may get lost) and keep your pet on a leash if it is not in a crate or carrier. 

Always know where your pet is at all times. 

Miscellaneous articles: Toys, grooming supplies, dry shampoo, flea protection, extra towels, and treats. 

Crate or carrier: Make certain the crate or carrier is big enough for the pet to move around comfortably and has room for food dishes and water if necessary. 

Crates (for dogs) take up a great deal of room and the ideal product would be a collapsible wire crate with a sturdy lock. 

Possible containment for a small or mid sized dog could be a collapsible exercise pen, just make certain the dog cannot dig out or crawl under it. Fasten it down with a stake driven into the ground and fastened to the pen. 

First aid kit: Put together a small first aid kit that contains bandages, gauze, antiseptic wipes, some medicated cream recommended by your vet, some tweezers and scissors and a cold/hot pack. 

Keep in a watertight container.

These are just a few suggestions to guide you in preparing for a disaster. The most important thing is to be prepared and ready to move when the time arrives.

If you are in doubt as to whether or not you should take your pet ask yourself this question; "would I leave a young child here to cope?" If the answer is no, than take your pet.

What can you do for your pet if you cannot take it 

with you? This is in the case of a hurricane or flood. In case of a fire or a tornado warning do not leave your pet.

If you are facing a hurricane, do not leave your pet outside. A bathroom, a closet or a room without too many windows is a good place to start. If you have a basement, keep your pet there.

Here is where a "self feeder" for dry food comes in handy. Fill it with as much dry food as it will hold. If you are leaving several pets get several feeders. If the self-feeders are not possible, leave dry food in containers the dogs or cats can get to. Leave plenty of water in containers that cannot be knocked over.

Leave several articles of clothing that you have recently worn with the pet, your scent will provide some comfort.

Expect a mess when you come home.

Put ID tags on the pet with all necessary information. 

Leave your vet's name and information along with a note giving permission for someone other than you to get treatment for the pet if necessary. Put this information in a plastic bag and nail it to a wall or door so it is visible.

If there is danger of a flood you need to provide places of higher elevation for the pet to get to.

In case of a flood, the cellar is definitely not the place to keep your pet. If you have an idea of the possible flood level, construct some type of area for the pet to climb onto to stay dry. Pile up furniture and create a level space that the pet can reach. Make certain there is food and water available for your pet to eat at floor level and on the higher space.

If you are leaving your dog outside, do not tie or chain it up. Dogs can be left in garages, barns, sheds or even a flat roof (provide a large board in case you are in a sunny area, as a roof can get very hot and burn a pet's pads.)

Wherever you leave your dog, be certain that it can reach a higher level and that there is food and water there for your pet to eat and drink.

Do not leave treats, vitamins or supplements out for your pet, provide only dry food and water.

If your pet is a cat the same instructions apply. Make certain that the cat has a high place to retreat to in case of high water and that you have placed food and water in that location.

Refrigerators, tall entertainment centers or a shelf in a closet can provide safety for your cat. Regarding cats leave a litter box in the location you have chosen.

Making arrangements with a neighbor to keep an eye on your pet if you are not around when the disaster is due to happen is a good idea. Give your neighbor the necessary veterinarian information and a note allowing permission for treatment if you are not available. 

Above all preplan and be ready.

If you are going on vacation be certain to check with the kennel or with the person who is caring for your animals to see if they have a disaster plan. This is where preplanning on your part is important. Have your disaster kit ready for them to use if necessary.

Leaving a pet is a heart-wrenching thing to do and please do not do it unless it is absolutely the only thing you can do. Just writing that sentence has reduced me to tears, as I know I could not leave my pets under any circumstances.

However, if it is necessary, please do your best to provide for the safety and well being of your pet.

Disasters do happen and you can be prepared.

You Also Can Survive Disaster

Disasters come at the most unexpected time. There is often no notice and they usually leave the victims overwhelmed, with their lives in shreds. There is no alternative, just total ruination.

Whether it is death, divorce, illness, fires, or acts of terrorism, the agony that is cause has a common aspect. It hurts! So how do we survive so much pain?

In the beginning you are engulfed by the mind-numbing state of shock and absolute disbelief, where the real facts don't register. This is how the body helps you to survive. If the fullness of the facts could register immediately, no one would survive!

Then follows a volatile mix of anger, disbelief, guilt and a whole variety of feelings on a roller coaster ride that has your world spinning out like a runaway jet. This is the time you need you need to give yourself some small breathing space to attend to your wounds and wait for a small ray of the healing process to commence, through an unhindered expression of your grief. For even though you don't believe it now, over time you will heal.

The fact is life will continue and you will have no choice but to keep on going for where there is life there is hope. Yes, you may have lost an entire way of life, a loved one, or good friends, but you are still living. Your heart is still pumping and your body demands you take care of it.

Throughout history disasters have proven to be times of opportunity. Opportunity that forces out the community spirit, as has been revealed in the quick reaction to the horrendous bush fires that have roared across the southern part of Australia. Opportunities for the least noticed person in the area to become a hero. Opportunities for people to give a helping hand to others they don't even know. Opportunities to express a true sense of empathy with the people who are hurting. Opportunities to let others reach out to you. Comforting and aiding others is often the best and most healing route you can take, even if it is merely in the manner of presenting a comforting shoulder for someone to shed their tears on.

It is in times of disasters that you are frequently forced to face your fears, in a three-d effect. The "what ifs..?" that frighten you stupid in the small hours of the morning, when life is as its lowest ebb. The reality however, is often easier to cope with than the imagined fears were.

Disasters bring you to the reality that life is unpredictable and you are forced to deal with situations you did not anticipate. Disasters can turn you into refugees. People who must fashion a different way of life. People who know what it is to lose everything. No matter what you feel like, you simply can't lie down and die when disaster disintegrates your life.

The luxury of having a pity-party is not an option. Feeling sorry for yourself hurts no one but yourself. Disasters are the time you are forced to search deep inside yourself, to find strengths you never thought you had.

They key to surviving a disaster, is to be a realist and an optimist rolled all into one, for life-stopping occurrences alter you forever. You become a different person.

Disaster divides your life into before and after the tragedy. You will never look at even the simple things of life in the same way. Yet, the end of one thing is always the beginning of another. It has been proven time and again that human nature will rise, just as out of the ashes the phantom phoenix rises anew.

How are you supposed to endure through disaster? You simply look back and discover the lessons from the past, but more importantly you look ahead and take one small step at a time. The highest peaks on earth were conquered through one step at a time. You can do it too. You can take that next step, no matter how heartbreaking. Let the big things take care of themselves. Just survive today.